- Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters Names
- Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters List
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
Computer generations classification is mainly based on the basic devices used. Also, the considerations are the architecture, languages, modes of operation, etc. The function performed by the computer and the speed of their operations have been changing since the old days to the most modern computer. Based on the period of development and the features incorporated, the computers are classified into different generations- First generation to Fifth generation. This is called the computer generation.
The classification and time periods are given below:
- First Generation Computer (1945-1955)
- Second Generation Computer (1957-1963)
- Third Generation Computer (1964-1971)
- Fourth Generation Computer (1972 onward)
- Fifth Generation Computer (Present and future)
1.) First Generation Computer (1945-1955)
First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made to order for the specific task for which the computer was to be used. It was operated on the ' Principle of Thermionic Emission'.
In the first generation computer, vacuum tubes as CPU, magnetic drum for data storage , and machines languages were used for giving instruction.The computer of this generation was very large in size called room-sized computers.
The programming of first generation computers was done in machine languages (0s and 1s). Afterward, assembly languages were developed and used in first generation computer.
Features of first generation computers:
- Technology used: vacuum tube
- Machines languages were used to instruct the computer.
- Magnetic core memory was used as primary memory.
- Electrostatic tubes, Parer tape, punch card, magnetic tape
- Punched card, printing devices were used for input/output operations and store the result.
- It occupies very large space, slow processing, inefficient and unreliable due to low accuracy.
- Power consumption was very high and it generated much heat.
- It could only perform straight forward simple numerical calculation.
- Computer used to be much expensive.
The example of first generation computers is ENIAC, UNIVAC,EDVAC, and EDSAC.
2.) Second Generation Computer (1957-1963)
Second generation computer replaced machine language with assembly language, allowing abbreviated programming codes to replace long, difficult binary codes.
The transistor was developed in this generation. A transistor transfers electric signals across a resistor. A transistor was highly reliable compared to tubes.
The transistor was far more superior in performance on account of their miniature size, smaller power consumption, and heat production rate. The second generation computer used these semiconductor devices.
Some of its features are:
- Technology used: Transistor
- Operating speed was in terms of a microsecond.
- Assembly language and machines independent language such as COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translation) were introduced the size of the computer.
- Magnetic core memory was used as primary memory.
- Magnetic drum and magnetic tape were used as secondary memory.
- Power required to operate them was low.
- It could perform scientific calculation such as solving differential equations.
- Storage capacity and use of computers are increased.
3.) Third Generation Computer (1964-1971)
Transistors were an improvement over the vacuum tube, but they still generated a great heat, which damaged the computer's sensitive parts. The quartz eliminated this problem.
Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters Names
Transistors were replaced with an integrated circuit known popularly as chips. Scientist managed to fit many components on a single chip. As a result, the computer became ever smaller as more components were squeezed on the chip.
IC was first designed and fabricated by Jack S Kilby at Texas Instrument and by Robert S Noyce at Fairchild independently. IC is a circuit consisting of a large number of electronic components placed on a single silicon chip by a photo-lithographic process.
Magnetic disks began to replace magnetic tape for auxiliary and video display terminals were introduced for the output of data. Keyboards were used for the input of data. A new operating system was introduced for automatic processing and multi-programming.
These computers were highly reliable, relatively expensive and faster. High-level programming languages continued to be a developer. The example of third generation computers is IBM-360 series, ICL-900 series, and Honeywell 200 series.
Features of the third generation computers are:
- The technology used: IC (Integrated Circuit).
- Transistors were replaced by IC in their electronic circuitry.
- High-level languages like FORTAN , BASIC and other are used to develop programs.
- Semiconductor memory like RAM and ROM were used as primary memory.
- Monitor and keyboard were introduced for data input and output respectively.
- Multiprogramming facility was developed.
- The computer was used in census calculation, military, banks and industries.
- Size, cost, power requirement and heat generation decreased.
- Processing speed and storage capacity used of computer increased.
4.) Fourth Generation Computer (1972 onward)
The invention of microprocessor chip marked the beginning of the fourth generation computers. Semiconductor memories replaced magnetic core memories. The invention of microprocessors led to the development of microcomputer or the personal computer.
The first microprocessor called Intel 4004 was developed by American Intel Corporation 1971.
This computer has faster generation language and application software for microcomputers became popular and allowed home and business users to adapt their computers for word processing, spreadsheet manipulating, file handing and graphics.
In this generation, the concept of computer networks and CD-ROMs came into existence.
Features of the fourth generation computer are:
- Technology in use: VLSI is introduced and used Microprocessor-based technology.
- Problem-oriented fourth generation language (4GL) is used to develop the program.
- Semiconductor like RAM, ROM and cache memory is used as a primary memory.
- Magnetic disks like hard disk, optical disk (CD,DVD), Blue-ray disk, flashes memory (memory chip, pen drive) are used as secondary memory.
- E-mail, Internet and mobile communication are developed.
- Advanced, user-friendly, web page software are developed.
- Size, cost, power requirement, heat generation decreased compared to the previous generation.
- Operating speed, storage capacity ,use of computer increased compared to the previous generation
The example of the fourth generation computer is IBM-PC, HP laptops, Mac notebook etc.
5.) Fifth Generation Computer (Present and future)
The aim is to bring machines with genuine IQ, the ability to reason logically and with real knowledge of the word. Thus, this computer will be totally different, totally novel and totally new than last four generations of computer.
Fifth generation computer was based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and that is still developing process, but not yet a reality i.e this computer is incomplete. The scientists are working on it still.
These computers will be able to converse with people and will be able to mimic human sense, manual skills, and intelligence.
Features of the fifth generation computers are:
- Technology to be used: These machines will incorporate Bio-chip and VVLSI (Very Very Large Scale Integration) or Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
- The computer will have Artificial Intelligence (AI).
- Natural language will be used to develop programs.
- The computer will have parallel processing in full fledge.
- The operating speed will be in terms of LIPS(Logical Inference per Second)
- These aim is to solve highly complex problems, which require great intelligence and expertise when solved by people.
- Quantum computation, molecular and nanotechnology will be used completely.
Bibliography
Shrestha, R. P., & Manandhar, s. (2014). Computer Essential. Kathmandu: Ashmita publication.
Gurung, Juddha Bahadur et.al.,Computer Science-XI, Bhundipuran Prakashan,Ktm
- Computer Fundamentals
- Computer Useful Resources
- Selected Reading
Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Joy Stick
- Light pen
- Track Ball
- Scanner
- Graphic Tablet
- Microphone
- Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
- Optical Character Reader(OCR)
- Bar Code Reader
- Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.
Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet.
The keys on the keyboard are as follows −
S.No | Keys & Description |
---|---|
1 | Typing Keys Crypto key generate rsa modulus 1024 not working in packet tracer. These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the same layout as that of typewriters. This is the guard for our data and identifies the theft. Kaspersky mobile security key generator download. |
2 | Numeric Keypad It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators. |
3 | Function Keys The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose. |
4 | Control keys These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc). |
5 | Special Purpose Keys Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen. |
Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
Advantages
- Easy to use
- Not very expensive
- Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.
Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.
Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.
When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.
Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.
Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.
Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital form that can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed.
Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters List
Digitizer
Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital form. Digitizer can convert a signal from the television or camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a computer. They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had been pointed at.
Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet as it converts graphics and pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for fine works of drawing and image manipulation applications.
Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.
The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music.
Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to be processed every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.
This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.
OCR scans the text optically, character by character, converts them into a machine readable code, and stores the text on the system memory.
Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.
Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the computer that the bar code reader is connected to.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked.
It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.